UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
Stabilished 1st- October 1926
UPSC full form taiyari, attempts, eligibility 2025. The UPSC exam is one of the most prestigious competitive exams in India. Many aspirants take this exam to secure government jobs that offer excellent pay and job stability. Understand the Age limit, syllabus, role, position, salary and many more.
There are different types of civil services under the Union Public Service Commission.
Under UPSC Post, 3 Types Of Civil Services Category
1. All India Civil Services
2. Group "A" Civil Services
Eligibility
Category
- General / EWS
- OBC
- SC/ST
- Persons with Benchmark Disabilities (PwBD)
Age Limit
21 to 30 years
21 to 35 years (32+3 years)
21 to 37 years (32+5 years)
Up to 42 years (32+10)
Attempt
Attempt – 6 Times
Attempt – 9 Times
Attempt – Unlimited
9 (General/OBC/EWS) or Unlimited (SC/ST
QUALIFICATION
You should have a bachelor’s degree certificate recognized by the government or possess an equivalent qualification.
If you possess a professional or technical bachelor’s degree like BE or MBBS recognized by the government, you’d be considered eligible to appear for the UPSC exam.
Final year of your graduation & waiting for the result –
- In case you are in your final year of college or are intending to appear for the final examination of your bachelor’s degree course, and are awaiting the results of the same, you are eligible to apply for the prelims exam of the CSE.
- In case you clear the UPSC prelims round and are planning to appear for the Mains exam, you’d need to produce proof of your graduation by attaching your bachelor’s passing certificate to your application for the Mains exams.
VACANCY
UPSC Vacancy 2025
The number of available seats to be filled by the Union Public Service Commission each year through the UPSC CSE 2025 in various posts, including IAS, IPS, IRS, IFS, etc.
As per the official UPSC Notification 2025, it is approximately 1129 vacancies, out of which 979 are for UPSC CSE 2025 and the remaining 150 for Indian Forest Service.
EXAM
The UPSC exam, or Civil Services Examination, has three stages:-
Preliminary (screening test), Mains (written exam), and Personality Test (interview).
1. Preliminary Examination (Prelims):
- Purpose: A screening test to shortlist candidates for the Mains exam.
- Format: Objective-type (MCQ)
- Papers: Two papers- General Studies (GS) and Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT).
- Timing: Held in May every year.
- Results: Announced in August.
2. Main Examination:
- Purpose: A written (descriptive) test to evaluate in-depth knowledge of various subjects and analytical skills.
- Format: Subjective, written exam.
- Papers: Nine papers, including four General Studies Papers, an Essay, and two papers from the subject chosen by the candidate.
- Timing: Held in October every year.
- Results: Announced in January.
3. Personality Test (Interview):
- Purpose: To assess personality, communication skills, and suitability for civil services.
- Format: Face-to-face interview.
- Timing: Held in March.
- Final Results: Usually announced in May.
Exam Pattern -Main IAS Exam
| Papers | Subject | Marks |
| Paper-I | Essay (can be written in the medium of the candidate’s choice) | 250 |
| Paper-II | General Studies – I (Indian Heritage & Culture, History & Geography of the World & Society) | 250 |
| Paper-III | General Studies – II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice & International Relations) | 250 |
| Paper-IV | General Studies – III (Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Security & Disaster Management) | 250 |
| Paper-V | General Studies – IV (Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude) | 250 |
| Paper-VI | Optional Subject – Paper I | 250 |
| Paper-VII | Optional Subject – Paper II | 250 |
UPSC Exam Job List and Salary
The UPSC exam opens doors to a variety of jobs in the Indian administration. Here’s a brief list of jobs you can secure through the exam, along with their salary ranges:
- Indian Administrative Service (IAS): Approx. ₹56,100 – ₹2,50,000 per month
- Indian Police Service (IPS): Approx. ₹56,100 – ₹2,50,000 per month
- Indian Foreign Service (IFS): Approx. ₹56,100 – ₹2,50,000 per month
- Indian Revenue Service (IRS): Approx. ₹44,900 – ₹1,42,400 per month
- Indian Audit and Accounts Service: Approx. ₹44,900 – ₹1,42,400 per month
Note: Salaries are subject to Government norms and can vary based on allowances and promotions.
Conclusion
Job Opportunities After Clearing the UPSC Exam
Everyons should know UPSC full form taiyari. Once you clear the UPSC exam, the job opportunities are plentiful. Each position comes with its own responsibilities and perks.
The UPSC exam details provide aspiring candidates with an understanding of the vast opportunities that await them. From civil services to financial management, the UPSC lays the foundation for a fulfilling career in governance.
If you’re keen on a job under the UPSC exam, it’s essential to strategize your preparation efficiently. Stay updated, study hard, and keep your focus on current events and social issues. With the right approach, you can seize the numerous job opportunities available after clearing the UPSC exam.
The Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
Training:
IAS officers receive their training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) in Mussoorie. Here, they gain essential training in several areas, such as law, public administration, and management.
Post:
After completing their training, IAS officers are assigned to various administrative roles within the government. These roles can be at the district, state, or central levels.
Responsibilities:
IAS officers are tasked with:
Executing government policies
Managing government departments
Overseeing public safety, welfare programs, and development initiatives
Representing the government in local affairs
Making important decisions regarding governance, tax collection, and law enforcement
They are vital in ensuring the effective operation of administration and governance across different government tiers.
Indian Police Service (IPS)
Training:
All new IPS officers receive their training at the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy (SVPNPA) in Hyderabad. They learn about law enforcement, criminology, police leadership, and acquire a variety of practical policing skills.
Post:
Once their training is complete, IPS officers are appointed to different law enforcement positions in various states or federal agencies. Their roles may include serving as police commissioners, district police chiefs, or working within national security organizations such as the CBI, NIA, or IB.
Responsibilities:
The duties of IPS officers include:
Upholding law and order
Preventing and solving crimes
Supervising police operations and administrative tasks
Ensuring public safety
Managing security and emergency scenarios
Enforcing government policies related to law enforcement
They play a crucial role in safeguarding the public and maintaining peace throughout the country.
Indian Forest Service (IFS)
Training:
IFS officers receive training at the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA) in Dehradun. The training includes subjects like forestry, wildlife conservation, environmental law, and fieldwork in forest management.
Post:
After training, IFS officers are posted in various roles, such as:
- Divisional Forest Officer (DFO)
- Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACF)
- Roles in central agencies like the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MOEFCC)
Responsibilities:
- Protecting and managing forest resources
- Wildlife conservation and biodiversity protection
- Implementation of policies related to forest and environmental conservation
- Supervising forestry and afforestation projects
- Managerial role for national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and forest reserves
They play a crucial role in conserving India’s natural heritage and ensuring sustainable forest management.
Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IA&AS)
Training:
Officers undergo training at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts (NAAA) in Shimla, where they are trained in financial auditing, accounting practices, public finance management, and government auditing procedures.
Post:
After training, IA&AS officers are posted to various positions, including:
Deputy Director of Audit
Assistant Controller General of Accounts
Chief Accounts Officer
Posts in the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) office or other central and state government finance departments.
Responsibilities: IA&AS officers are responsible for:
Auditing government accounts and finances.
Ensuring proper use of public funds
Preparing reports on financial management and irregularities
Overseeing financial compliance and accountability in government departments
Assisting in formulating government financial policies
They play a key role in maintaining transparency and accountability in the use of public funds.
Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
Training:
IFS officers undergo training at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI), New Delhi, along with training at the National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) in Mussoorie. The training covers diplomacy, international relations, law, foreign languages, and protocols.
Post:
After training, IFS officers are posted in roles such as:
Ambassador
High Commissioner
Consul General
Foreign Secretary
Posts in Indian embassies, consulates, and international organizations
Responsibilities: IFS officers are responsible for:
Representing India abroad
Managing diplomatic relations and negotiations
To promote India’s interests in foreign countries is the main task
Handling consular services (e.g., visas, passports)
Addressing issues related to trade, security, and cultural exchange
Providing strategic advice on foreign policy matters
They play a crucial role in strengthening India’s diplomatic ties and promoting its global interests.
Indian Corporate Law Service (ICLS)
Training:
ICLS officers are trained at the National Law University (NLU) or other specialized institutions. Training includes company law, securities law, financial regulations, corporate governance, and administrative procedures related to corporate law.
Post:
After training, ICLS officers are posted in roles such as:
Registrar of Companies (RoC)
Company Law Board
Posts in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) or other regulatory bodies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
Responsibilities:
ICLS officers are responsible for:
Regulating and overseeing corporate entities and their compliance with the law
An important role is to implement and enforce the Companies Act.
Ensuring corporate governance, transparency, and accountability
Addressing disputes related to corporate affairs
Promoting healthy business practices and ethical corporate conduct
They play a crucial role in regulating and overseeing corporate operations, ensuring legal compliance in the corporate sector.
Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS)
Training:
IDAS officers undergo training at the Defence Accounts Department Training Institute (DADTI) in Pune. Training covers topics such as defense finance, accounting, budgeting, auditing, and financial management within the Ministry of Defence.
Post:
After training, IDAS officers are posted in roles such as:
Director/Deputy Director in the Defence Accounts Department
Controller of Defence Accounts (CDA)
Financial Advisor to various defense agencies and commands
Responsibilities:
IDAS officers are responsible for:
Managing defense finances, accounts, and audits
Ensuring the proper utilization of defense budgets
Implementing financial policies and procedures for the Ministry of Defence
Processing payments, pensions, and financial transactions related to defense personnel
Overseeing financial management and reporting in defense establishments
They play a key role in ensuring financial discipline and transparency in the defense sector.
Indian Defence Estates Service (IDES)
Training:
IDES officers receive training at the National Defence College and other specialized defense institutes. The training focuses on managing defense estates, land administration, urban planning, and defense land laws.
Post:
After training, IDES officers are posted to roles such as:
Director General, Defence Estates
Chief Executive Officer of the Defence Estates Office
Various positions in the Ministry of Defence (MoD) handling land, estates, and infrastructure.
Responsibilities:
IDES officers are responsible for:
Managing and overseeing the defense land and estates
Ensuring proper utilization and maintenance of defense properties
Handling issues related to land acquisition, disposal, and development
Implementing policies for land administration and defense infrastructure
Resolving legal and administrative issues related to the defense land
They play a vital role in the effective management and maintenance of the land and properties of the Indian Defense Forces.
Indian Information Service (IIS)
Training:
The IIS officers undergo training at the IIS Training Academy in New Delhi, covering communication, public relations, media, broadcasting, and government functioning. They also attend specialized courses on digital media, journalism, and public administration.
Post:
IIS Officer: Assigned roles in Press Information Bureau (PIB), All India Radio (AIR), Doordarshan, and other media-related government departments.
Rank: Typically starts at Assistant Director or Deputy Director, with the potential for upward mobility.
Responsibilities:
Media Relations: Manage government communication with the media.
Public Awareness Campaigns: Design and execute campaigns to inform the public about government policies.
Broadcasting: Oversee content creation for AIR, Doordarshan, and government-run digital platforms.
Press Releases: Draft press notes, organize media briefings, and ensure information accuracy.
Crisis Communication: Handle media during times of crisis or national importance.
Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)
Training: IOFS officers undergo training at the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) training institutes and Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA).The training covers various aspects like manufacturing, quality control, industrial management, defense production, and the functioning of ordnance factories.
- Post:
- IOFS Officer: Initially appointed as Assistant Manager or Deputy Director in ordnance factories, later promoted to higher positions such as Factory Manager, General Manager, or Director.
- Rank: Starts at Assistant Manager, progressing to senior roles in the Ordnance Factories.
- Responsibilities:
- Production: Oversee the manufacturing of defense equipment and ammunition.
- Quality Control: Ensure products meet defense standards and specifications.
- Maintenance: Manage the upkeep of machinery and facilities.
- Logistics: Handle the supply chain of materials and finished goods.
- Research & Development: Innovate and develop new defense technologies and systems.
- Management: Supervise factory operations, personnel, and overall productivity.
Indian Postal Service (IPoS)
Training: All IPS officers undergo training at the Postal Training Centre (PTC) in Bangalore and the National Academy of Postal Services beforing joining.
The training covers postal operations, management, finance, customer service, and logistics.
Post:
Postal Officer: Starting post is Assistant Superintendent of Posts (ASP) or Assistant Director.
Rank: Officers progress through roles such as Superintendent of Posts, Chief Postmaster, or higher administrative roles in the postal department.
Responsibilities:
Postal Operations: Manage the delivery of mail, parcels, and packages, and ensure smooth functioning of postal networks.
Customer Service: Oversee customer interactions, handling complaints, and ensuring service quality.
Financial Services: Supervise post office savings, postal banking services, and related financial products.
Logistics & Distribution: Oversee the distribution and routing of postal items across regions.
Administration: Manage day-to-day operations of postal offices, including staff, infrastructure, and operations.
Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS)
Training:
IRAS officers undergo training at the Indian Railways Institute of Financial Management (IRIFM) in Secunderabad.
The training focuses on accounting, budgeting, finance management, railway operations, and railway-specific financial regulations.
Post:
IRAS Officer: Initially appointed as Assistant Accounts Officer or Deputy Accounts Officer.
Rank: Progress to roles such as Accounts Officer, Senior Accounts Officer, Chief Accounts Officer, and eventually senior positions in railway finance management.
Responsibilities:
Financial Management: Oversee budget preparation, financial planning, and expenditure control for Indian Railways.
Accounting: Maintain accurate accounts of railway revenue and expenses.
Audit: Conduct internal audits to ensure financial transparency and efficiency.
Procurement & Cost Control: Manage procurement processes and ensure cost-effective operations in the railway system.
Payroll & Staff Management: Handle salary payments, pensions, and related financial matters for railway employees.
Reporting: Prepare financial reports and ensure compliance with government regulations and auditing standards.
Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS)
Training: IRPS officers undergo training at the Indian Railways Institute of Personnel Management (IRIPM) and other railway training centers.
The training covers human resource management, labor laws, railway operations, and administration.
Post:
IRPS Officer: Initially appointed as Personnel Officer or Assistant Personnel Officer.
Rank: Progress to roles such as Divisional Personnel Officer, Chief Personnel Officer, or higher administrative positions within Indian Railways.
Responsibilities:
Employee Management: Handle recruitment, promotions, transfers, and employee welfare across the railway system.
Labor Relations: Manage relations with trade unions and resolve industrial disputes.
Training & Development: Organize training programs for railway staff to improve skills and efficiency.
Policy Implementation: Implement government policies related to employee benefits, pensions, and service conditions.
Staff Welfare: Ensure the well-being of railway employees, including housing, healthcare, and other support services.
Administrative Support: Manage personnel-related administrative tasks and ensure smooth operation of human resource functions.
Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS)
Training: IRTS officers undergo training at the Indian Railways Institute of Transport Management (IRITM) and various railway training centers.
The training includes modules on railway operations, traffic management, logistics, safety, customer service, and railway regulations.
Post:
IRTS Officer: Initially appointed as Assistant Traffic Manager or Traffic Officer.
Rank: Progress to roles such as Divisional Commercial Manager, Senior Traffic Officer, Chief Traffic Manager, and senior administrative positions.
Responsibilities:
Train Operations: Oversee the scheduling, movement, and safe operation of trains across the network.
Passenger & Freight Services: Manage the booking, loading, and dispatch of passenger and freight trains.
Traffic Control: Ensure efficient management of train traffic, minimizing delays, and optimizing routes.
Revenue Generation: Monitor and enhance revenue from passenger services, freight transport, and other railway services.
Safety & Security: Implement and enforce safety protocols in train operations and traffic management.
Customer Service: Address passenger grievances and ensure high-quality service delivery.
Indian Revenue Service (IRS)
Training: IRS officers undergo training at the National Academy of Customs, Indirect Taxes & Narcotics (NACIN) and Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA).The training covers taxation laws, customs, indirect taxes, economic policies, and revenue management.
Post:
IRS Officer: Initially appointed as Assistant Commissioner of Customs/Excise.
Rank: Progress to roles such as Deputy Commissioner, Joint Commissioner, and higher positions like Director General or Additional/Joint Secretary in the Finance Ministry.
Responsibilities:
Tax Collection: Ensure the collection of direct and indirect taxes such as Income Tax, Customs Duty, and Goods and Services Tax (GST).
Tax Administration: Implement tax policies, conduct audits, and oversee tax assessment processes.
Investigation: Investigate cases related to tax evasion, smuggling, and financial crimes.
Customs Enforcement: Monitor imports/exports and enforce customs regulations to prevent illegal trade.
Policy Formulation: Contribute to the development and execution of government fiscal policies.
Public Awareness: Educate the public on tax compliance and government revenue policies.
Indian Trade Service (ITS)
Training: ITS officers undergo training at the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) and other government training institutes.The training focuses on international trade policies, trade agreements, export-import regulations, and economic diplomacy.
Post:
ITS Officer: Initially appointed as Assistant Director or Deputy Director in the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) or Ministry of Commerce.
Rank: Progress to senior roles such as Director, Joint Secretary, or higher administrative positions in the Ministry of Commerce.
Responsibilities:
Trade Policy Implementation: Formulate and implement policies related to export and import.
Foreign Trade Regulation: Oversee compliance with international trade agreements and customs regulations.
Export Promotion: Promote Indian exports, identify new markets, and support exporters with incentives.
Trade Negotiations: Represent India in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations.
International Cooperation: Coordinate with international organizations on trade-related matters.
Economic Analysis: Monitor global trade trends and provide insights to the government for policy adjustments.
Indian Communication Finance Services (ICFS)
Training: ICFS officers undergo training at the Indian Institute of Finance and other related government institutes. The training covers financial management, budgeting, communication policies, and administration specific to the postal and communication sectors.
Post:
ICFS Officer: Initially appointed as Assistant Director or Deputy Director in the Department of Posts or other communication-related government bodies.
Rank: Progress to senior roles such as Director, Additional Secretary, or higher administrative positions in the Ministry of Communication.
Responsibilities:
Financial Management: Oversee postal and communication services’ budgeting, accounting, and financial planning.
Revenue Generation: Ensure efficient revenue collection from postal services, communication networks, and related government programs.
Policy Formulation: Contribute to the formulation and execution of communication policies and financial regulations.
Expenditure Control: Monitor and control financial expenditures across the postal and communication departments.
Financial Reporting: Ensure compliance with government financial guidelines and prepare financial reports for government review.
Strategic Planning: Helps in long-term financial planning and resource allocation for communication infrastructure and services.
Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service (IP&T A&FS)
Training: Officers undergo training at the P&T Accounts and Finance Training Institute and other relevant government training centers. The training includes financial management, accounting procedures, budgeting, auditing, and postal service operations.
Post:
IP&T A&FS Officer: Initially appointed as Assistant Accounts Officer or Deputy Accounts Officer in the Department of Posts and Telegraphs.
Rank: Progress to senior roles like Accounts Officer, Senior Accounts Officer, Chief Accounts Officer, or higher administrative positions.
Responsibilities:
Financial Management: Oversee the financial operations of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs, including budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting.
Audit & Compliance: Conduct audits and ensure compliance with financial regulations and government guidelines.
Revenue Management: Monitor and optimize revenue generation from postal, telecommunication, and related services.
Expenditure Control: Ensure effective management and control of departmental expenses.
Financial Planning: Assist in long-term financial planning for infrastructure development and service expansion in postal and telecommunication sectors.
Policy Implementation: Implement policies related to financial operations within the department.
Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service (AFHCS)
Training: AFHCS officers undergo training at the Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service Training Institute and other designated government training centers. The training covers civil administration, defense organization, military procedures, policy implementation, and inter-departmental coordination.
Post:
AFHCS Officer: Initially appointed in various administrative roles, such as Assistant Director or Section Officer, within the Ministry of Defence.
Rank: Progress to senior positions like Deputy Director, Director, or Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Defence.
Responsibilities:
Administrative Support: Provide administrative assistance to the Armed Forces Headquarters, managing daily operations, correspondence, and records.
Policy Implementation: Assist in the formulation and execution of defense policies, ensuring smooth communication between civil and military departments.
Personnel Management: Manage the appointment, transfer, and career development of military and civilian personnel within the defense services.
Logistics & Planning: Coordinate logistics, planning, and budgetary processes related to defense projects and operations.
Defense Coordination: Facilitate coordination between the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces on various administrative and policy matters.
DANICS (Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Services)
Training: DANICS officers undergo training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) and other specialized training centers. The training includes public administration, law, policy implementation, local governance, and regional development.
Post:
DANICS Officer: Initially appointed in various administrative roles such as Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) or Assistant Commissioner.
Rank: Progress to senior roles like Deputy Commissioner, District Magistrate, or Secretary in the Delhi and Andaman & Nicobar Islands administrations.
Responsibilities:
Administration: Manage day-to-day civil administration within Delhi or the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Public Services: Oversee public services like health, education, and infrastructure in the assigned region.
Law & Order: Ensure maintenance of law and order, supervise police and other enforcement agencies.
Policy Implementation: Implement government policies at the local level, focusing on regional development and welfare schemes.
Revenue Collection: Manage revenue generation and distribution for the region.
Crisis Management: Handle crisis situations like natural disasters, law and order issues, or public health emergencies.
DANIPS (Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli Police Service)
Training: DANIPS officers undergo training at the National Police Academy (SPA) and other regional police training institutes. The training includes law enforcement, criminal law, public administration, investigation techniques, police leadership, and disaster management.
Post:
DANIPS Officer: Initially appointed in roles such as Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) or Sub-Divisional Police Officer (SDPO).
Rank: Progress to senior roles like Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP), Additional Commissioner of Police, or higher administrative positions within the police services.
Responsibilities:
Law Enforcement: Maintain law and order, prevent and investigate crimes, and ensure public safety.
Crime Investigation: Oversee investigations of criminal cases, including serious offenses like murder, theft, and organized crime.
Public Order: Manage crowd control, supervise police operations, and ensure public security during events or emergencies.
Community Policing: Build strong relations with the community to enhance crime prevention and safety.
Administration: Oversee police personnel management, including recruitment, training, and deployment.
Crisis Management: Handle situations like riots, natural disasters, and public unrest, ensuring effective law enforcement.
Pondicherry Civil Service (Puducherry Civil Service)
Training: Officers undergo training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) and other state-specific institutions. The training covers public administration, law, governance, regional development, and departmental functions relevant to the Union Territory of Puducherry.
Post:
Pondicherry Civil Service Officer: Initially appointed as Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) or Assistant Commissioner in Puducherry.
Rank: Progress to senior roles such as Deputy Collector, District Magistrate, or Secretary within the Puducherry government.
Responsibilities:
Administration: Manage day-to-day governance, public services, and regional development within Puducherry.
Law & Order: Supervise law enforcement agencies, ensure public safety, and maintain peace in the region.
Policy Implementation: Oversee the implementation of state and central government policies and welfare schemes.
Revenue Management: Supervise revenue collection, land management, and taxation processes.
Crisis Management: Handle emergencies such as natural disasters, law enforcement issues, or public health crises.
Public Welfare: Ensure the effective delivery of services like health, education, and infrastructure development for the residents.